The Book of Mormon...the Musical!!

Since I was just posting information on the LDS Church not 30 seconds ago, I thought it might be enjoyable to talk about the Book of Mormon, the musical!  While not quite the same as the actual Book of Mormon, obviously, this musical has been a huge success.  Here's a synopsis from a Broadway website: "The Book of Mormon follows two young missionaries who are sent to Uganda to try to convert citizens to the Mormon religion. One missionary, Elder Price, is an enthusiastic go-getter with a strong dedication to his faith, while his partner, Elder Cunningham, is a socially awkward but well meaning nerd whose tendency to embroider the truth soon lands him in trouble. Upon their arrival in Africa, Elders Price and Cunningham learn that in a society plagued by AIDS, poverty and violence, a successful mission may not be as easy as they expected."  Funnily enough, it was written by South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone as well as Avenue Q's Robert Lopez.  This information should provide any viewer with an inkling as to what type of humor is present in the musical- it has been called an "equal opportunity offender."  No surprises there for something out of the heads of the guys who made South Park.  The Mormon Church issued this response as a reaction to the musical: "The production may attempt to entertain audiences for an evening, but the Book of Mormon as a volume of scripture will change people's lives forever by bringing them closer to Christ."  Unsurprisingly, it seems that they might not find the musical that amusing.

 

The Mormon Church

I was looking up Mormonism for the final and figured I might as well do a blog post on them while I was at it. I knew quite a few people from my hometown that were Mormons but I never quite understood what exactly they believed. So, I thought it would be interesting to do a bit of background info on them! The LDS Church (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) was officially established in 1830 by Joseph Smith in upstate New York. There, Smith, who apparently was only a farm boy, became to be seen as a prophet when he received visions from God and discovered what would become the Book of Mormon on some gold plates buried in a hill. http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_the_Church
After leaving New York, the Mormons, under Brigham Young, eventually settled in Utah and, today, Salt Lake City is the center of their church. Mormonism is a faith centered almost exclusively in the U.S. and today they have over fourteen million members. The basics beliefs of the LDS Church were laid out by Joseph Smith himself in “The Thirteen Articles of Faith” and include a belief that both the Bible and the Book of Mormon were divinely inspired. They also absolutely believe in revelation and visionsand follow strict rules concerning chastity, modesty,virtue, etc. They do not hold with the doctrine of original sin, and they believe that the New Jerusalem will be built upon the American continent.
http://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/beliefs/13_articles.htm

Divine Science

I randomly came across a religion called Divine Science the other day and I didn't know much about it.  So, here we are.  I thought I might as well post some background info about it! It was founded in 1887 by Nona Lovell Brooks, Fannie Brooks James, and Aletha Brooks. While practicing the belief of the Omniprescent of God, they came into contact with a woman named Malinda Cramer in San Francisco who was practicing a similar principle. Both woman began practicing this principle after having experienced almost miraculous healings. The two similar schools of thought came together and Divine Science was born. Thus, Divine Science in the U.S. started in two places: San Francisco and Denver. It is basically a spiritual religion that believes in the “oneness” and omniprescence of God with the goal of releasing material desires and becoming one with this God. It is practiced by “turning attention from the outer visible effects of this world to the inner world of the First Cause” and some examples and teachings of Jesus Christ are followed as well. Divine Science is still around today, and is estimated to have around 5,000 members.

http://www.divinescience.org/index.html

The Shakers...and love!

I believe they were briefly brought up in class a few days ago, so I thought I might post something about this article.  But first, let's do a bit of background information on the Shakers themselves.  The Shakers were a new religious movement founded in the 19th century by Mother Ann Lee and are more formally known as the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing.  In a nutshell, their core principles are: restorationism, celibacy, communitarianism, pacifism, simplicity, and God as a father-mother.  Although at their height there were nearly 5,000 members, today there are apparently only three Shakers left, all of whom reside in Sabbathday Lake, Maine.  Due to the celibacy rule, it's hard for them to get new members.  However, there used to be four Shakers until very recently.  This article below describes the love story between a Boston Globe journalist, Stacey Chase, and the youngest of the remaining Shakers, Brother Wayne.  Apparently, Chase was sent to the Sabbathday Lake community to write a story on the Shakers when she met Wayne Smith.  This started what sounds like a romance straight out of some random movie.  You know, the whole star-crossed lovers, secret phone calls, "forbidden love" type thing.  Anyway, what eventually happened was that Wayne renounced his vow of celibacy after 26 years and married Stacey at a Methodist Church in Vermont.

http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2010/02/28/he_left_the_shakers_for_love/

Catholic Church Excommunicates Brazilian Priest

Yet again, my daily excursion through Yahoo news has provided me with a blog post.  This article deals with a Brazilian priest that has been excommunicated by the Catholic Church for possessing views seen as too liberal.  Father Roberto Francisco Daniel, aka "Padre Beto," was accused of heresy and schism after "betraying the promise of fealty to the church."  Evidently, Father Roberto had defended homosexuality and open marriage in several online videos.  Seen by some as a "rebel son" who habitually "crosses the line," Daniel did not seem to be that upset about his excommunication.  On the contrary, he stated that "I feel honored to belong to the long list of people who have been murdered and burned alive for thinking and searching for knowledge."
http://news.yahoo.com/catholic-church-excommunicates-brazil-priest-liberal-views-212205334.html

China Comments on Religion

While conducting my usual routine of scrolling through the Yahoo News articles, I came across one that dealt with China and religion, called "China says aims to banish superstition, promote knowledge."  Apparently, China experienced more than just an economic boom in recent years.  It also has experienced an explosion of religion, having an estimated 100 million believers- half of which are Christian and Muslim while the other half are Buddhist/Daoist.  Head of the State Administration of Religious Affairs, Wang Zuoan, hypothesizes that this has occurred because people are desiring reassurance in an "increasingly complex world."  Although the Chinese government, ruled by the Communist Party, is officially atheist, they have conceded the fact that sometimes religion is capable of producing social harmony.  However, that still isn't stopping them from trying to get their citizens to establish what they see as a "correct world view," and to deal with problems scientifically instead of superstitiously.  That being said, they have accepted the fact that this will be a long process because, as Zuoan puts it, "Religion has been around for a very long time, and if we rush to try to push for results and want to immediately 'liberate' people from the influence of religion, then it will have the opposite effect and push people in the opposite direction."
http://news.yahoo.com/china-says-aims-banish-superstition-promote-knowledge-055415307.html

Messiah

One of the most famous and beloved pieces of music ever written is Handel's Messiah.  It is normally played at Christmastime (although it premiered on Easter), and is most recognizable through the Hallelujah Chorus.  While George Frederic Handel was considered a successful German composer and one of the most notable composers of the Baroque time period, the writing of Messiah still seems to be kind of an unlikely story.  Born in Germany in 1685, Handel first moved to Italy in attempt to compose opera.  This was largely a failure, however, so Handel moved back to Germany and then eventually to England, where he would write and perform for King George himself.  However, this relationship was often up and down, and Handel eventually fell out of favor.  In 1737, he apparently had a debilitating stroke that both caused blurry vision and paralyzed his right arm, making it impossible for him to play or conduct.  On top of this, he was not the best businessman; this left him rather deep in debt.  It was in this situation and state of mind that Handel came across a liberetto by Charles Jennens, which was divided into three parts and dealt with all aspects of the story of Jesus Christ, the Messiah.  This story would provide the inspiration that would lead to Handel's unlikely composition of a Christian oratorio- this oratorio would become one of the most celebrated Christian musical pieces of all time: Messiah.  In fact, while writing the most well known part of this composition, the Hallelujah Chorus, Handel claimed that "I did think I saw heaven open, and saw the very face of God."
http://blog.beliefnet.com/bibleandculture/2009/12/handels-messiah----the-story-behind-the-classic.html

Here's a link to see the Mormon Tabernacle Choir singing the Hallelujah Chorus:
http://youtu.be/S4BWhvIlFVE

Djesus Uncrossed

Well, it seems I am a little behind the times on SNL.  Apparently this sketch was released kind of awhile ago, but I just came across it today.  Anyway, it's called "Djesus Uncrossed" and is a parody of the Oscar-nominated Quentin Tarantino movie "Django Unchained."  Actually, Django actor Christoph Waltz actually participated in Djesus as the title character.  Needless to say, the sketch has created quite a bit of controversy and debate because of its subject matter.  It involves a resurrected "Djesus" (the "D" is silent) taking revenge, which is often quite violent and bloody, (no surprises for a Quentin Tarantino parody), on the Roman soldiers who were responsible for his crucifixion. Here's a link to youtube where the clip can be found:
http://youtu.be/m2pK60VlnJ8
Anyway, the clip has caused quite a bit of controversy since it has been released, drawing fire mainly from religious people for obvious reasons.  Here's an article from Religion News that deals with this: 
http://www.religionnews.com/2013/02/20/did-snl-cross-a-line-in-djesus-unchained-skit/
Interesting! Stuff like this is always up for interpretation...

Crypto-Jews

A few weeks ago, we were researching Jewish history in the US for my other religion class and I came across this New York Times article that dealt with the "hidden legacy" of Jews in the US.  Basically, it was about people in New Mexico who were descendants of Spanish “conversos,” people who were practicing Catholicism yet still clung secretly to their Jewish roots. These Spanish Jews fled Spain after it issued the Edict of Expulsion in 1492 and many of them ended up in the American Southwest after much effort to avoid the reach of the Inquisition. Now, these people’s descendents are only now rediscovering their Jewish heritage, which is leading many of them in different directions- some are embracing their Jewish heritage whilst others desire to remain Catholic. Overall, I thought this article was very interesting and I had never before heard anything about these so-called “secret” Jews. It’s also interesting to me that these people continued to remain almost in hiding even when they were out of Spain’s reach in the U.S. Jewish history even in the U.S. is a lot more secretive and hidden than I had previously known.  Here's the link to the article if anyone wants to read it.  It's actually kind of fascinating!
http://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/11/us/scholars-and-descendants-uncover-hidden-legacy-of-jews-in-southwest.html

Consubstantiation vs Transubstantiation

I think this was brought up in class the other day, but I thought I might as well write a blog post that clarifies the difference between the concept of consubstantiation and the concept of transubstantiation.  Both deal with the interpretation of Holy Communion, which was actually a source of conflict in the Protestant Reformation.  The difficulty arose because the Catholic Church held, and still holds, with the idea of transubstantiation- which essentially means that they believe the bread and wine of communion literally transforms into the body and blood of Christ while Martin Luther and his Protestant followers believed more in the concept of consubstatiation.  In contrast to transubstantiation, where the bread and wine are literally changed, consubstantiation holds with the idea that the bread and wine are more symbolic representations of the body and blood of Christ.  While this seems to be an almost trivial and unimportant distinction, it defines a line in doctrine between two separate sects of Christianity.  However, since both the Catholics and Protestants obviously still both consider Communion holy, this argument seems a bit like a technicality to me.  But then, I'm not a theologian in any way, shape, or form.



Interesting interpretation of the idea that the bread and wine literally transform themselves into the actual body and blood of Jesus.

Christianity in Harry Potter

Once upon a time, I was really bored over spring break and decided to, yet again, read the final book of the Harry Potter series, The Deathly Hallows.  As I did so, I found a couple lines in the book that seemed to reference Bible verses, which I didn't remember noticing before.  The two lines in question actually were inscriptions on Harry's parents' graves and Dumbledore's family's graves respectively: "The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death" and "where your treasure is, there will your heart be also."  So, the first verse is 1 Corinthians 15:26 and the second one is Matthew 6:21.  However, while it seems to many that there are lots of Christian themes in the Harry Potter novels- such as sacrifice, forgiveness, life after death, love, etc- many people have also condemned JK Rowling's novels for having pagan and occult themes as well- such as witchcraft, magic, astrology, numerology, etc.  Actually, here are a couple of articles that deal with both. 
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/fictionreviews/3668658/J-K-Rowling-Christianity-inspired-Harry-Potter.html
http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/onlinediscipleship/harrypottercontroversy/elliott_richardabanes.aspx
In the first one, JK Rowling reveals that Christianity was one of her main inspirations and that the Harry Potter books reflect her own struggle with faith, and the other one claims that Harry Potter is detrimental to kids and could be a "doorway to the occult."  I personally love Harry Potter and never for an instant even thought about calling it bad for children, but as these two articles demonstrate, there are many different ways to interpret the same thing.  Although, I think the article with JK Rowling is pretty definitive and that Harry Potter was not intended to be the so-called "doorway to the occult."  Now, one could probably talk about and analyze the potential Christian themes in Harry Potter for ages as there are thousands of pages contained within the series, but here is a website that is devoted to exploring them. 
http://potter-sacrifice.webs.com/preliminaryoutline.htm
However, it clearly focuses on the themes of love and sacrifice that can be found within the Harry Potter series.  Obviously, the most prominent example of this would be the way that Lily sacrificed herself for Harry.

Interesting...

Les Miserables

As I'm sure most of you know, the musical Les Miserables became a world wide phenomenon again this year with the new Oscar-nominated remake.  Like any good musical and Hugh Jackman fan, I decided to see it and now thought I could maybe blog about Christian themes that are found throughout the movie, mainly in the main Hugh-Jackman embodied character of Jean Valjean.  In the musical, which is based off of a Victor Hugo novel, Valjean is an ex-prisoner out on parole when he finds God and decides to turn over a new leaf.  In fact, this Christian post article talks about Christian values found in the movie; these include "forgiveness, hope, grace, and redemption."  As the movie progresses, it often seems as though Valjean's whole life is just a bundle of Christian ideals- actually, a line from "Amazing Grace" seems to fit him perfectly: "I once was lost, but now I'm found."  In addition to containing Christian themes, Les Mis also explicitly references God and the Bible several times.  For example, in one of the songs, Valjean claims he is on a "never-ending road to Calvary."  Calvary is, of course, the place where Jesus went to be crucified- this line then seems to draw a parallel between Valjean and Jesus himself.  Another well-known line from the movie is "to love another person is to see the face of God."  This quote seems to point to the Bible verse "God is love" and implies that God is responsible for all of the love that we feel on this planet.  This could actually be a really long post, but I think I'll stop there.  But if anyone's interested, here's the link to the Christian post article I read:
http://www.christianpost.com/news/les-miserables-the-perfect-christian-movie-87850/
There's also many more articles out there that discuss this, but I would say the best way to see if Christian themes really are in the movie would be to watch it and decide for yourself!

Religion in the Constitution

Since many people think the US is a nation founded upon religion and its values, I thought it would be interesting to do a bit of research and actually see how much religion explicitly shows up in some of our country's founding documents.  Actually, what I found was a bit surprising.  Interestingly enough, there are no direct mentions of religion or support of a religion in the Constitution.  The only time it comes close to talking about religion is when it bans religious tests in Article 6.  Religion is also regulated in the Bill of Rights with the Establishment Clause (which forbids the government from establishing an official religion) and the Free Exercise Clause (which protects freedom of religion).  It seems as though the founders, when writing the Constitution, did not want to throw support to any one religion and were adamant about having a separation between church and state, which makes sense because they were attempting to create a nation that would have religious freedom.  So, far from backing up any religion, the writers of the Constitution only brought up religion in order to regulate it.  However, this is not the case in the Declaration of Independence.  That document, mentions God several times, most famously in the "endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights" line.  There, though, God was used as an argument and a justification to declare independence while the Constitution was meant to outline and set up the government.  The two documents were meant for different purposes and therefore utilize God differently.  Or, in the case of the Constitution, not at all.


The Constitution!


The Declaration of Independence!

The Holy Grail

Might as well continue the Monty Python theme that I've been using. This time, I'm choosing to write about a mythical object that is at the center of the Monty Python movie in question and can be found in many popular movies and books such as Indiana Jones and The DaVinci Code. In case those hints aren't enough, the object I'm referring to is the Holy Grail. Traditionally, the Holy Grail is believed to be the cup Jesus drank out of during the Last Supper. However, there is also a hypothesis that the term "Holy Grail" refers to the bloodline and descendants of Jesus himself. This is the idea put forth in The DaVinci Code and in the book, had something to do in the difference between "San Greal" and "Sang Real." Apparently while one meant "Holy Grail," the other meant "Royal Blood."

In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Indiana Jones races against the Nazis to find the Holy Grail, which is believed to be the Cup of Christ. Interestingly enough, there's apparently some truth in this story. The article on the website below deals with archaeology under Hitler. Evidently, Heinrich Himmler, the chief of the SS, went to Spain at one point to investigate a possible location of the Grail. And, the article says that "The chief architect and manager of the Nazi Holocaust believed that finding the grail 'would help Germany win the war and give him supernatural powers.'" Fascinating. It seems as though the Nazis actually were interested in obtaining Biblical artifacts.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2298716/The-REAL-Last-Crusade-Nazi-search-Holy-Grail-inspired-Indiana-Jones.html

I have had problems embedding clips lately, but if you search Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade clips on youtube, one involving the scene where they find the Holy Grail should appear.



This is the Holy Grail as depicted in the Monty Python movie.



This is the Grail seen in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.



Much of the Holy Grail legend is tied to the Last Supper.  This painting, as I'm sure most of you know, is called The Last Supper and was painted by Leonardo DaVinci.  Needless to say, it comes up in The DaVinci Code.

Mega-Church Pastor Victim of an Internet Hoax

So, while I was just randomly flipping through Yahoo News stories, I came across this one.  Apparently, Joel Osteen, a televangelist and leader of the 45,000 member Lakewood Church in Houston, was victim of an Internet hoax that falsely quoted him as saying he was leaving the Christian faith.  It seems that a fake website that was pretending to be Osteen's official site made a fake announcement that Osteen was rejecting Christ after having concluded that "the Bible is a fallible, flawed, highly inconsistent history book that has been altered hundreds of times.  There is zero evidence that the Bible is the holy word of God.  In fact, there is zero evidence that 'God' even exists."  Evidently though, Osteem was not angry and "true to form, is turning the other cheek and spinning this bit of adversity as part of his core message."
http://gma.yahoo.com/blogs/abc-blogs/joel-osteen-turns-other-cheek-internet-hoax-143435452--abc-news-topstories.html

Witch Trials

Throughout history, there have been accusations of witchcraft and occurrences of witch trials around the world.  Of course, the most famous here in the U.S. are the Salem Witch Trials that occurred in Massachusetts in the late seventeenth century.  I think most everyone who has ever taken an American History class is pretty familiar with what happened, so I thought I would just do a brief description.  Basically, around the 1690s, the Puritans in Salem had a strong belief that Satan was acting in their world.  They had recently experienced difficult times and already believed in an "invisible world", which apparently made this seem more plausible.  Evidently, they thought that Satan recruited people, mainly women, to work for him and these women were the so-called "witches" responsible for any misfortune that occurred in the town.  Eventually, the situation snowballed and turned into a mass hysteria type occurrence.  By the end of it, nineteen people had died after being publicly executed, mainly by hanging.  Now I know this isn't really a funny subject, but I think I should lighten the mood a bit by sharing a clip from Monty Python and the Holy Grail.  I referenced earlier when I blogged about Gregorian Chants, but it works just as well for witchcraft.  Enjoy!
http://youtu.be/zrzMhU_4m-g
I can't get the video to embed correctly, but this link should take you to the video!

The Ark of the Covenant

Once upon a time, on one boring evening over spring break, I rewatched the original Indiana Jones movie, Raiders of the Lost Ark.  For those who don't know, Indiana Jones is an archaeologist who races against both time and Nazis to recover the lost Ark of the Covenant in the ancient Egyptian city of Tanis.  In the movie, the Ark demonstrates many supernatural and deadly powers, these are most likely based upon a legend that the Ark was associated with several Old Testament miracles, including the fall of the Jericho walls.  As far as Biblical relics are concerned, the Ark is one of the most searched for.  In the Old Testament, the Ark was the ornate case built by the Israelites to house the stone tablets of the Ten Commandments.  The Israelites carried the Ark around with them throughout their journeys, including the famed Exodus from Egypt.  It is described as a chest made of gold-plated wood and topped with two golden angels. However, between 597 and 586 B.C., the Babylonians conquered the Israelites and the Ark, which was supposedly stored in the Temple of Jerusalem, was lost.
http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/ark-covenant/

I was going to share a video from youtube that showed the opening of the Ark in the Indiana Jones movie, but my computer doesn't seem to want to do that at the moment.  Anyway, you can find the video on youtube if you search Raiders of the Lost Ark.  The Ark replication used in the movie seems to follow the description given in the Bible pretty well.  However, the lightning bolts that shoot out of it might be just some dramatization but I suppose you never know.

Flowering the Cross

I apologize, but I forgot to blog about this Easter custom and I think it's kind of interesting.  My church at home does this, and I participated in it last Sunday.  In fact, I helped to cut the flowers beforehand.  Anyway, it is traditional in some churches to decorate a cross with cut flowers on Easter Sunday.  Although the cross was originally a cruel form of execution, this website says that "the cross stands at the center of our faith as a symbol of life."  Therefore, it is fitting that the cross be decorated with flowers to represent life on the day that represents Jesus's returning to life and conquering of death.  In addition, the image of a flowering cross has been found in Christian art as early as the sixth century, and it apparently is "based on a legend that says that the cross itself burst into bloom at the moment that Jesus died."  An account of this custom as well as many others can be found on this website: http://fullhomelydivinity.org/articles/easter%20customs.htm

Religiosity in the U.S.

Interestingly enough, throughout the U.S. there are varying amounts of religiosity.  For instance, the South as a whole claims higher rates of adherence than say, the West or the New England area.  In the west, and in Colorado in particular, there is a growing group of people unaffiliated with any religion (so-called "nones").  Actually, a correlation can kind of be seen between these religious differences and political divides found throughout the country.  But I digress.  Anyway, what I'm really getting at here is that a new Gallup poll came out recently that found the most, and least religious cities in the country.  Not surprisingly, the most religious places were in Utah, which has a large population of LDS affiliates, and the South.  And guess what city came in a close second for least religious city in the U.S.?????? I'll give you a hint...We live there. 
Yes, Boulder, CO came in pretty much tied with Burlington, VT for the least religious city, with only 17.3% of the population classified as "very religious."  This is opposed to the 77% found in the top city of Provo, UT.  I can't say this really came as a shock, but I still found it interesting!
Here's the link to a Denver Post article talking about it as well as a link to another Gallup poll measuring overall country wide religiosity:
http://www.denverpost.com/ci_22907780?source=bb
http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/14/gallup-these-are-the-10-most-and-least-religious-states-in-america/

More Easter Traditions

I know this post is also a little belated, but seems to have been the trend of late.  This is the last one about Easter, I promise!  I thought I would just wrap up Easter completely with a small discussion about the Easter Bunny and some coverage of the annual White House Easter Egg Roll.  As would possibly be expected, the Easter Bunny tradition does not exactly have anything to do with the Christian holiday of Easter, but is instead associated with pre-Christian fertility lore- apparently rabbits were the most fertile animals known at the time and therefore were associated with new life during the Spring season.  This obviously could be related to the history of the name "Easter" itself, which comes from a pagan goddess of fertility.  As an Easter symbol, the bunny originated in Germany in the 1500s and was introduced to American folklore by German immigrants to the Pennsylvania Dutch area of the U.S. in the 1700s.  All of this information comes from this website: http://www.easterbunnys.net/easterbunnyhistory.htm
Another American Easter tradition is the annual White House Easter Egg Roll.  It is one of the oldest annual White House events, as it has been occurring on Easter Monday since 1878.  Some historians hypothesize that this tradition was first suggested by Dolley Madison, but records of actual informal egg-rolling parties can be dated back to President Lincoln.  This year, Barack and Michelle Obama hosted the 135th Easter Egg Roll on the South Lawn with more than 30,000 guests in attendance.  In accordance with some of the First Lady's goal to fight obesity, the theme was "Be Healthy, Be Active, Be You."  In addition to simply attending, the guests were also presented with commemorative wooden eggs that bore the signatures of every member of the First Family, including their dog.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/04/01/be-healthy-be-active-be-you-2013-white-house-easter-egg-roll
http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_shows/holidays_easter/index.html

Easter Eggs

A couple of days ago, my family, like families across the world, got together to decorate Easter eggs.  This tradition is integral to the celebration of Easter as a holiday, so I thought it would be interesting to do a bit of research on the history of these eggs.  Interestingly enough, I found that the painting of hard boiled eggs actually pre dates Christianity- for example, people have been decorating eggs on Nowruz (the Iranian New Year that occurs on the spring equinox) for thousands of years.  According to a Huffington Post article, "the egg is a symbol of fertility, new life, and rebirth in cultures around the world."  However, it holds meaning for Christians as well.  For them, the Easter egg is symbolic of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, with the shell evidently representing the tomb and the cracking of the shell representing the Resurrection.  Apparently, in Eastern Catholic and Orthodox churches, eggs are dyed red to symbolize the blood Christ shed on the cross.  In addition to the decoration of eggs, Easter egg hunts and rolls are also beloved traditions.  According to the same Huffington Post article, "Eggs are rolled as a symbolic re-enactment of the rolling away of the stone from Christ’s tomb."  One notable occurrence of an Easter Egg Roll occurs annually on the White House lawn.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/02/easter-eggs-history-origin-symbolism-tradition_n_1392054.html

Here are some particularly pretty Easter Eggs!

Easter

Let the belated Holy Week posts continue!  After Maundy Thursday and Good Friday, the final church service held during the Triduum (which refers to the three days in the church calendar when the Last Supper, the crucifixion, and the Resurrection are commemorated) is Easter.  Celebrated on the Sunday after Good Friday, Easter marks the day Jesus was resurrection from the dead after being crucified three days before.  It is a celebration held around the world and marks a stark contrast to the solemness of Good Friday- while that one grieves over the death of Jesus, this one celebrates his coming to life again, an event that is absolutely central and vital to Christian religions.  Because the Resurrection represents the hope Christians have in their faith, it is celebrated with much gladness and singing.  In fact, the word "Alleluia," which cannot be said during Lent, is spoken a record number of times on Easter. 
Now, although Easter is a Christian holiday, it seems as though the name itself might actually have pagan origins.  Interestingly enough, the website below claims that Easter might originally have gotten its name from that of a pagan goddess.  Evidently, the "Teutonic dawn goddess of fertility [was] known variously as Ostare, Ostara, Ostern, Eostra, Eostre, Eostur, Eastra, Eastur, Austron and Ausos."  And, it seems as though her name might be derived from the ancient word for spring: eastre.

This is a pretty interesting website on the origins of the word Easter.
http://www.religioustolerance.org/easter1.htm

Good Friday

Like the previous Maundy Thursday post, I also meant to publish this one the day of, but oh well.  A little late now.  Anyway, also like Maundy Thursday, Good Friday is part of Holy Week and is held on the Friday before Easter.  It commemorates Christ's crucifixion and is the most somber and solemn day in the Christian calendar.  According to the share faith website, "it is a time to grieve over the sin of man and to meditate and rejoice upon God's love in giving His only Son for the redemption of sin."  The Church began observing this day in around the fourth century, and the Catholic Church first adopted the name "Good Friday" in about the sixth century.  Also known as the Tenebrae Service (Tenebrae is Latin for shadows), this service, or at least the one I attended, was held in almost complete darkness with the pastor wearing all black.  As this would demonstrate, Good Friday is the time where Christians mourn the death of Jesus before the Easter celebrations of his Resurrection.

More information on Good Friday and its history can be found at this website:
http://www.sharefaith.com/guide/Christian-Holidays/good-friday-significance.html

Maundy Thursday

I meant to publish this on the actual day, but last Thursday, I attended a Maundy Thursday service at my church and thought it would be a good thing to blog about.  Essentially, the Maundy Thursday church service occurs on the day of the Last Supper, and the one I went to served the types of food that most likely would have been served two thousand years ago at such a supper.  For some kids, their First Communion was celebrated that day as well.  This celebration, which takes place every year during Holy Week on the Thursday before Easter, dates back to the first century.  It takes its name from the Latin "Dias Mandatum," which is "the day of the new commandment."  In addition, the sharefaith website (link attached at the bottom) describes a history of Maundy Thursday as follows:

"In the 12^th century, the English Church initiated a custom of distributing money to senior citizens who had performed outstanding service to the crown. Known as "Maundy Money," these specially minted coins are handed out in red and white ceremonial purses by the reigning King or Queen. Along with the giving of alms, Kings and Queens of England would also wash the feet of the poor as a way of humbling themselves. This tradition continued until the 17^th century.

In Germany, Maundy Thursday was also known as Green Thursday. The name was not due to the color green, but from the close association to the German word for "grief" or "weeping". Many families would eat only green vegetables, spinach in particular, as a way of humbling themselves before God.

In contrast to Corpus Christi, the feast of Maundy Thursday is a more somber event, and many Christians take it as a time to fast and repent before partaking of the Eucharist. This cleansing of the soul before the Good Friday service prepares the believer to better appreciate the sacrifice of Christ and the rejoicing that is to come on Easter Sunday."

http://www.sharefaith.com/guide/Christian-Holidays/history_of_maundy_thursday.html

Gregorian Chants

Last class, we listened to a Gregorian chant and went briefly over their role in church history.  I thought it would then be sort of interesting to do some research into their history and significance.  As the website below says, "the Gregorian Chant is the oldest musical manifestation of the Occident and has its roots in the songs of the old synagogues, since Jesus Christ's time."  The name itself is a homage to Pope Gregory I, and the chants reached their peak during the Middle Ages.  Notable characteristics of these chants are that they are sung unison in monotone and a cappella.  The lyrics are usually in Latin and often express Biblical texts-especially the Psalms.  Funnily enough, there's a scene in Monty Python and the Holy Grail that actually shows these chants.  The monks, while also depicting characteristics of the flagellates evidenced by the fact that they continuously hit themselves in the face with boards, intone the Latin phrase "Pie Iesu domine, dona eis requiem," which apparently means "Merciful Lord Jesus, grant them rest."  Anyway, since we've gotten this far, I might as well include the clip from the movie that shows the monks!
Oh also, here's the Gregorian Chant website: http://www.gregoriano.org.br/gregorian/the%20gregorian%20chant%20history.htm

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Jefferson's Bible

Yet again, I've come up with a blog post for this class based on information brought up in my other religion class.  This time, while going over Deism and the beliefs of some of the Founding Fathers, Thomas Jefferson's Bible was brought up.  Jefferson was a notable Deist who, while accepting Jesus as a moral teacher, rejected all talk and belief that He was the Son of God.  Because of this, he then went through the Bible and cut out all mention of Jesus that could not be scientifically proven.  Obviously, this would include the miracles and the Virgin Birth as well as the Resurrection.  After his revision was complete, Jefferson pasted all the acceptable passages into a new book and the bible that bears his name was born.  The original copy of Jefferson's Bible, or the Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth as it is also known, is on display at the Smithsonian Museum in Washington D.C.
http://americanhistory.si.edu/documentsgallery/exhibitions/jefferson/

Conclave

Since I brought up Dan Brown in my last post and the Pope has recently resigned, now seems like a very appropriate time to bring up conclave. As anyone who has read or seen Angels and Demons knows that conclave figures rather prominently in its plot line. So, I thought I might give a basic overview of the process. Basically, out of the 194 total cardinals, 120 of them are allowed to be eligible to be elected to the papacy. These 120 must be less than 80 years old, and are transported between St. Martha's House and the Sistine Chapel once conclave begins. There, they hold votes twice a day and are overseen by three scrutineers elected by the College of Cardinals. Smoke is sent out to the public to indicate the results of the votes-black smoke if the vote was inconclusive and white smoke if a two thirds plus one count has occurred and a new Pope has been elected. That Pope will then serve until his death or retirement.
Here's the link to the website that contained this information!
http://people.howstuffworks.com/papacy3.htm

Sophia

So a couple of years ago, I read a book called The Shack.  It was fiction, albeit religious fiction, and it mentioned, among other things, a person called Sophia.  In the context of the book, Sophia was not a goddess but rather the personification of God's wisdom.  The whole thing seemed like a very strange concept to me and now I've decided to do a bit of research on it.  The Sophia tradition arises from verses such as Proverbs 8:1, which goes as follows: "Does not wisdom call out? Does not understanding raise her voice?"  In the original languages, the word for wisdom was a feminine noun.  The implication (personification) that wisdom and understanding are female eventually led to the creation of Sophia.  Apparently, Sophia is the Greek word for wisdom.  There are also apparent references to her in other wisdom books such as the apocryphal books of Sirach and the Wisdom of Solomon.  She is sometimes seen as the wife of Solomon (who was himself given the gift of wisdom by God), has been accepted as the goddess of wisdom by many different traditions throughout history (including the Greeks, who know her as Athena, and Eastern Christians), was known as an actual physical representation of wisdom itself, and today is venerated by the Gnostics.  The Gnostics, a sect devoted to finding secret meanings in the scriptures, see her as a sort of "quasi-deity" and, according to the website below, even believe that she is possibly the Holy Spirit part of a female trinity, one that also includes the Virgin Mary and Mary Magdalene.  Interesting...sounds like something out of a Dan Brown novel.  Da Vinci Code, anyone?  Anyway, here's the website where I got most of this information, but there's definitely a lot more out there about the mysterious Sophia.
http://www.northernway.org/sophia.html

Ash Wednesday

I meant to post this a couple of days ago (actually on Ash Wednesday), but somehow I just didn't get around to it. So, I thought I'd just post it now in the spirit of "better late than never."
As Richard Bucher says on the Our Redeemer Lutheran Church website, "Ash Wednesday is the name given to the first name of the season of Lent, in which the pastor applies ashes to the foreheads of Christians to signify an inner repentance." Although it is actually not mentioned in the Bible, Ash Wednesday has been a tradition in the Christian Church since about the 8th Century. Essentially, the service consists of the pastor putting ashes in the shape of a cross on the participant's forehead before Holy Communion is served. The ashes are a symbolic manifestation of repentance of sin, and are a direct reference to the verse in Genesis which states, "for dust you are, and to dust you shall return." (This refers to the creation story). The idea of ashes representing repentance is also rooted in the Bible, as the following article mentions.
http://www.orlutheran.com/html/ash.html

Pope Benedict XVI Resigns

I just saw on Yahoo News today that the Pope has resigned, citing old age. Pope Benedict XVI was tied as the oldest person elected to the papacy at age 78 (he was tied with Pope Clement XII, who was ordained in 1730) and has now become the first Pope in 600 years to step down. The last occurrence of this was during the Great Schism when Gregory XII resigned in order to prevent conflict. Benedict, originally born Joseph Ratzinger, ascended to the papacy in 2005, and his notable accomplishments as Pope include: restoration of the traditional Latin mass, a visit to a Roman synagogue, and the establishment of an ordinariat system that would allow the Anglican Church to rejoin the Catholics. Because of his resignation, the College of Cardinals will need to meet soon to elect a new Pope. Oh, and here's a link to an article talking about this.

http://m.christianpost.com/news/pope-benedict-xvi-to-resign-cites-advanced-age-89819/

The Legend of the Sand Dollar

This summer, my family and I took a trip to the Outer Banks in North Carolina to visit some cousins and I came across a mug that had the sand dollar legend written on it. The full thing is attached at the end of this post, but basically it goes something like this. Essentially, the holes in the sand dollar represent the wounds that were inflicted upon Jesus, the flower design on one side symbolizes Easter and the other Christmas, and inside are five doves that represent the spread of God's peace. Personally, I think this is a beautiful story and it actually holds some meaning for me. As a kid, my grandfather and I had always searched beaches for sand dollars. Then, when we built bird houses at my grandparents' house, my grandpa would break a sand dollar and glue a dove to the house-it was his signature. So basically, what I'm getting at is that sand dollars remind me of my childhood and of many things that are very important to me. Anyway, I don't want to ramble too much about personal stuff, so here's the legend, if anyone wants to read it.

Stained Glass

Earlier today, I came across a picture of the stained glass pineapple that I had made in crafts my junior year in high school and, surprisingly enough, it was actually pretty good!  Anyway, it reminded me of the stained glass that seems to always be present in churches and then I thought I could do some research on the history of it as well as share some pictures of the most beautiful windows!  As the All-Saints Episcopal Church says on its website, "stained glass windows are a vehicle for sharing the story of God's great love for all who will look upon them."  These windows have been popular since the time of ancient Rome, and the art reached its height between 1150 and 1500, when huge windows were commissioned for great cathedrals like Chartres.  As many people in the congregations of this time period couldn't read, the windows played an important role in teaching people religious stories as well as helping them to understand their beliefs. 

This window is located in Notre Dame Cathedral and depicts many different Bible stories.

This window sits in the Cathedrals of Liverpool.  It depicts what I assume are the disciples sitting in a boat, which refers to a Gospel story.

 

Amazing Grace

Last year in my European History class, we watched a movie called Amazing Grace.  While it was mainly about the ending of the European slave trade, it also included, as a minor character, the man who composed the famous song "Amazing Grace."  As "Amazing Grace" is one of my favorite hymns, this movie piqued my interest enough to do a bit of research on the subject.  And frankly, what I discovered was pretty incredible.  John Newton, the composer, was born in 1725 as the son of a merchant ship captain.  In 1744, he was impressed into service on a man-of-war, but deserted and was flogged brutally.  Eventually, he ended up as a servant on a slave ship and would go on to captain his own slave ship in time.  Having given up religion as a child, he experienced a "great deliverance" in 1748 when his ship was spared destruction in a violent storm at sea.  For the rest of his life, he celebrated this day as the day of his conversion, and decided to become ordained as a minister.  Throughout his life, he composed many hymns, but by far the most famous was "Amazing Grace."  I have included the verses of this hymn below:

Amazing grace! (how sweet the sound)
That sav’d a wretch like me!
I once was lost, but now am found,
Was blind, but now I see. ’Twas grace that taught my heart to fear,
And grace my fears reliev’d;
How precious did that grace appear,
The hour I first believ’d! Thro’ many dangers, toils and snares,
I have already come;
’Tis grace has brought me safe thus far,
And grace will lead me home. The Lord has promis’d good to me,
His word my hope secures;
He will my shield and portion be,
As long as life endures. Yes, when this flesh and heart shall fail,
And mortal life shall cease;
I shall possess, within the veil,
A life of joy and peace. The earth shall soon dissolve like snow,
The sun forbear to shine;
But God, who call’d me here below,
Will be forever mine.   Oh also, here's the link for the website where I obtained a lot of this information: http://www.anointedlinks.com/amazing_grace.html

La Virgen de Guadalupe

Today in my Religions in the US class, we covered La Virgen de Guadelupe, the patron saint of both Mexico and the Americas.  And it was really fascinating!  Guadalupe, representing the Virgin Mary, is a sort of blending between Catholicism and indigenous Aztec culture (this is known as Mestizaje).  The Guadelupe tradition began in 1521, when an apparition appeared to an Aztec convert, Juan Diego, on the Hill of Tepeyac outside Mexico City.  Interestingly enough, this hill was the previous home of a shrine to the Aztec goddess Tonantzin.  There is now two basilicas there, and it is the most visited Catholic shrine in the world, gathering about six million pilgrims yearly.  As the legend goes, Juan Diego was instructed by the apparition to gather roses in winter.  When he had done so, it was discovered that the cloth in which he had carried the roses now bore an imprint of Guadalupe.  I'm attaching a picture of this cloth below, as it apparently contains rich symbolism.  For instance, the turquoise color of the Virgin's robe is a symbol of royalty and the belt around her waist a symbol of pregnancy, which contributes to the idea that she is a representation of the Virgin Mary.  Also in the picture, Guadalupe, surrounded by sun rays, is standing on the moon while wearing a cloak of stars.  This adds to her mystical appeal, and legend has it that the stars on the robe represent the constellations that were present on the exact day of her first appearance to Juan Diego.  Interesting stuff!
Oh, and as a side note, Juan Diego was declared the first Mexican saint in 2002.

C.S. Lewis

A couple posts ago, I wrote about religion in The Lord of the Rings.  Since I'm sort of interested in religion in literature as well as religious authors, I figured I'd use this post to write about one of the most prominent Christian authors: C.S. Lewis.  Beloved for his fantasy novels (specifically, The Chronicles of Narnia series), Clive Staples Lewis was a lecturer at Oxford for almost thirty years until he became a literature professor in Cambridge in 1955.  Surprisingly, since he is well known for imbuing his works with Christian themes, he was raised in religion but became an agnostic during his teens.  Interestingly enough, it was J.R.R Tolkien, most famous as the author of The Lord of the Rings, who was partly responsible for Lewis's return to Christianity.  The two were great friends, and both were members of a literary society called the Inklings.  Like Tolkien, Lewis was able to put Christian and religious themes and ideas into his writings and therefore was able to convey what he saw as the meaning of religion.  One of the most notable instances of Christianity appears in The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe when Aslan, a clear Jesus figure, sacrifices himself on the stone table and manages to rise again from the dead.  Lewis's other writings include The Screwtape Letters, Miracles, The Abolition of Man, and Mere Christianity, among others.  I will actually be doing my book review this semester on Mere Christianity, and I'm really quite looking forward to reading it, as The Chronicles of Narnia were some of my favorite books growing up!  Lewis was also one of those people that was able to turn his own experiences and pain into writing that could have a profound effect on his readers, an example being A Grief Observed, which was written after the death of his wife, Joy Davidman.  Personally, I think C.S. Lewis also has some fantastic quotes, some of which I would like to relay right now.  There really are lots, but, speaking now as someone who has grown up with religion, these two are my favorites:  "There are far far better things ahead than any we leave behind" and, "If we find ourselves with a desire that nothing in this world can satisfy, the most probably explanation is that we were made for another world."  For Christians, and this is just my opinion, there really is no better writer than C.S. Lewis.

Eliot's Bible

About five minutes ago, I was doing homework for my other religious studies class which, incidentally, is a blog as well.  The assignment was to select something from Puritan history/tradition and do some research on it.  I chose to look up Eliot's Bible, since I had never heard of it before and it turned out to actually be really interesting.  Eliot's Bible was the first Bible printed in the U.S., printed in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1661.  Surprisingly enough, however, it was not written in English, but in Algonquin.  The translation was done by a Puritan pastor by the name of John Eliot.  Unable to preach in England due to his Puritan beliefs, Eliot migrated to the New World in search of religious freedom and settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony alongside John Winthrop, the famous governor of said colony.  Upon arrival, Eliot decided to learn the Algonquin language in order to be able to preach to and evangelize the local Native American tribe, a skill that would eventually allow him to translate the Bible.  At the time, Algonquin was considered to be one of the most difficult languages to learn, and as a result, this task would take approximately ten years to complete.  This translation of the Bible is a great example and symbol of the colonists' effots to convert the local peoples, and it dovetails with the Protestant belief that everyone should be able to read and interpret the Bible for themselves.  For more information about the Eliot Bible, the following websites are pretty interesting:
http://www.solagroup.org/articles/historyofthebible/hotb_0005.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eliot_(missionary)  (I know this is Wikipedia, but it seems to have pretty good/interesting information!)

Christianity in The Lord of the Rings

Hey guys! Last weekend, while I watched The Lord of the Rings movies again and started re-reading the books, I became interested in possible allusions to Christianity that seemed to be contained in them. I had also remembered previously hearing that Tolkien himself was a devout Catholic. Deciding to investigate this further, I came across a website that had an article titled "20 Ways The Lord of the Rings is Both Christian and Catholic." Interestingly enough, this article claims that many aspects of The Lord of the Rings and its characters can have distinctly Christian interpretations. For example, "the One Ring illustrates how evil can entice and enslave," the main theme is that of a clear-cut good versus evil, and the whole idea of a King returning could be seen as parallel to the second coming of Jesus. And these are only a few references among many. Some interpretations that I've heard also claim that the characters of Sam, Aragorn, and Gandalf all embody some aspect of Christ himself. (Devotion, loyalty, sacrifice, and leadership, among others.) If this is the case, then Tolkien seems to have chosen to use his books to convey, not necessarily obviously, some of the aspects and meanings of his faith. I find this fascinating. I know Christianity is the most wide-spread religion in the world, but somehow it is still amazing to me how often it crops up. I mean, come on. Its presence is even felt in Middle-Earth! The messages of Christianity are truly ageless, timeless, and applicable to this day, which could go some way towards explaining why it has managed to stick around for a couple thousand years. I'm sure I could get into analyzing this further, but that might go on for awhile. So...here's the link if anyone wants to read the article! http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/arts/al0160.
If anyone is actually reading this, I hope you enjoyed looking through it!

Science and Religion

Hi!
My name is Megan and this is my first time EVER blogging. Should be interesting!
I've chosen today to blog about the relationship between science and religion. I find the interaction between the two to be fascinating because, while they might initially appear to be contradictory, it seems possible that they could potentially work together to explain the world. Now, this is an extremely broad topic that could probably be talked about endlessly, so I am going to focus on an article written by Albert Einstein that deals in part on the relationship between religion and science. As I'm sure everyone knows, Albert Einstein was one of the best, if not the best, scientific mind of the twentieth century. However, far from thinking that the two were mutually exclusive, Einstein appeared to believe that they could complement each other. As he so eloquently puts it in the attached article, "Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind." Einstein seems to say here that neither can exist alone-to tell a complete story, they must work together. This is quite an interesting idea, one that many educated people today might scoff at, but one I think has the potential to fully understand the universe as a whole. I think I could probably discuss this for a while, but I'm not quite sure how long these blogs are supposed to be. Anyway, here's the link to the article if anyone wants to read it. Hopefully you guys find it as thought provoking as I did!

http://www.sacred-texts.com/aor/einstein/einsci.htm